The Function of Desire in Relationships Between a Man and a Youth Essay

The structure and capacity of various sorts of sexual connections were a significant piece of Athenian culture, and numerous standards and conventions conformed to these connections dependent on the mores of society. The male residents were viewed as the most significant portion of the populace, and numerous Greek essayists address the social shows, standards, and convictions that conformed to these connections. The three principle kinds of sexual connections that included a male resident are marriage, the connection between a youngster and a more established guide, and sexual experiences with whores. Plato’s Symposium, a discourse on the idea of adoration and want, portrays a significant number of the convictions that Athenians held, particularly about the connection between a man and a young. The primary focal point of this paper is the perfect capacity and spot of want in these male with male connections, and the advantages this specific bond held for society. The socially acknowledged structure of these connections between an Athenian man and youth was portrayed by interest and romance with respect to the man. He was to pursue an appealing youth, wanting to make him his adored [eromenos]. The more established man was required to be the forceful accomplice, seeking after the young out of his sensual want. Thus, the adored was relied upon to be the inactive accomplice, dismissing the man’s propels for a good measure of time, and afterward to enter the relationship to pick up the more established man as a coach, not as a sexual accomplice. This forceful man and inactive youth structure proceeded into sexual acts, with the more established male going about as the predominant, entering accomplice, while the more youthful man was the uninvolved open accomplice. As per social principles, in any case, it was considered emascul... ...in parentage of any youngsters the spouse may bring forth after this time. In the domain of governmental issues, an inability to serve or to satisfy ones obligations was additionally a stain on the respect of the family unit and family-it is depicted as significantly more open than the perfect private bond among sweetheart and adored. This appearance of Celestial love profited both the sweetheart and cherished, just as serving society by making a solid bond that was described by its respect and ideals. This security created the most impressive type of dedication a resident man would understanding, and he accepts that more than some other faithfulness, this affection would make men good in fight, legislative issues, and business so as to make their adored pleased. Thusly, the adored tried to learn structure his guide so as to turn into a good resident and individual, inevitably giving these qualities to his own cherished.

Advertisement Analysis :: Marketing Advertising Business

Ad Analysis The United States has the absolute most canny residents and the absolute most cutting edge innovations and medication, yet our absence of education rate has still not lessened. As per an ongoing government report structure The National Institute for Literacy, â€Å"There are numerous grown-ups with low proficiency aptitudes (roughly 44 million) who do not have the establishment they have to secure and keep not too bad positions support their children’s instruction and take an interest effectively in metro life†. This commercial was done to motivate individuals, and maybe explicitly minorities, to peruse, by utilizing a superstar impact. This work shows that perusing gives new thoughts and a more noteworthy profundity of information, by using profound space and complexity. The craftsman passes on their message by making a profound and high space. One perspectives this photo from an extremely low vantage point, so we are gazing toward basically the entirety of the articles in this work. The lines on the correct divider are vertical,and point up to the brilliant light above. The line starting there makes a trip back because of the other six light in the corridor. The lights drift in space like thoughts over our heads. The style, wherein they bring your eye profound into the photo, resembles the way that a story drives us down, or the way of discovering that our mind follows. This portrayal of profound spaceis representative of the immeasurability of data there is to be picked up by perusing. The craftsman utilizes high differentiation to accentuate softness and haziness. The way that there are unmistakable and particular light and dull territories pull in one to take a gander at it. The most elevated difference of significant worth is the lightthat is uttermost away. This limit of white against dark is the point of convergence of the piece, and helps in making the profundity. The complexity among light and dull, are representative of the difference of numbness and illumination. Another way the craftsman catches the possibility of obliviousness versus illumination is by having Whoopi Goldberg perusing in a corridor. One doesn't commonly connect passages with open space, but since there are a progression of entryways that sudden spike in demand for the left half of the lobby, it seems as though it is stating there are numerous locales of data to find. It speaks to one idea prompting another. Entryways in the corridor wipe out the pressure in the room and truly help to open it up.

Complete Guide to Time Management

Complete Guide to Time Management It has often been said that time is our “most scarce resource”. Therefore, we all must invest in â€" and use it â€" prudently. When you think about it, all of us have basically the same amount of time. But you will still find many people saying they “do not have enough time”, or they “need more time”. Why is it that some people have no problems accomplishing their tasks in a specified amount of time, and others do? © Shutterstock.com | Dmytro ZinkevychIn this article, youll learn about 1) time management basics, 2) what good time management is, and 3) tips on how to become better at time management.TIME MANAGEMENT BASICSLook at any established organization, and you are likely to find the following concerns explicitly addressed: human resources management for personnel recruitment, selection and hiring, financial management for budgeting, operations and performance analysis, and capital management for seeking funding and investments.If you look for an aspect dedicated specifically to time management, you might end up being disappointed.Time management is that discipline that focuses on planning the amount or length of time that will be spent on specific activities, often with the goal of increasing effectiveness and efficiency. Its earliest roots can be traced back to when Frederick Taylor developed his scientific management techniques for improving the productivity of workers on the job. Of co urse, the concept of time management has evolved, making it more systematic and logical in its approaches.In business, time management refers to the allocation and distribution of time among activities that demand it, depending on a specific set of priorities. In this sense, time management may also be referred to as the “budgeting” of time, such that the right amount of time is allocated to the right task or activity.It is to be noted that time itself will not, and cannot, be managed; what you manage is how you use that time that you have, with the full knowledge that it is limited.Time Management as a SkillOther than as a discipline, time management is also described as a skill or the ability to plan and consequently control the amount of time you spend in accomplishing your tasks. It boils down to how skilled a person is in his analysis of how his hours are spent on a specific activity. It also tells a lot about his ability to prioritize his tasks in an effort to maximize eff iciency and effectiveness.As a skill, time management is something that can be mastered with consistent practice and further developed over time (no pun intended). Once this skill has been mastered, our work and personal lives will be more organized, much easier to handle, more efficient, and definitely happier.Two Focuses of Time ManagementLet’s get this straight: time management is not about getting EVERYTHING done. There are two specific points that time management includes:Getting MORE THINGS done: You have a limited amount of time. Thus, you have to manage it so that you will be able to get a lot more work done within that limited time. In the past, when you used to barely finish two tasks in one hour, perhaps you can find a way to be able to finish three or four in the same amount of time. You can do that through time management.Getting the RIGHT THINGS done: It is possible that you may end up doing something other than what you originally set out to do. You planned to finis h Task 1 in one hour. However, in the middle of that hour, your attention got diverted and you also started working on Task 2. When the hour was up, you ended up not finishing Task 1, and actually even had another (Task 2) pending. As a result, you did not finish anything. With time management, you may have been able to finish Task 1 before the hour was even up, and got a head start on Task 2.Why is Time Management Important?We have all established that time is a resource that must be managed. But to what end or purpose? What do we hope to gain from managing time?To simplify things. You are practically dealing with clutter if you do not make an effort to organize your time. By setting up a timetable for you to follow, it is simply a matter of sticking to the plan and not getting sidetracked.To add structure to your day or life, in general. Again, there is less clutter, and everything is more organized. With a timetable or a plan in place, you are better able to see where you stand a t the moment, where you aim to be at the end of the day, and how you will be able to get there.To increase efficiency. Work will definitely be facilitated, because there is less clutter to deal with. You can focus on the important things, the things that need the most attention, and leave the rest for later.To increase productivity. If you have a firm hold on your time and how you use it, you will be able to get more work done or show higher output. This is an offshoot of improved efficiency.GOOD TIME MANAGEMENTThe concept of good time management encompasses the following:1. Effective PlanningThe activities that will be done for the day must be planned earlier. This could be done through something as simple as a list of things “To-Do”, or it could be as elaborate or as detailed as in an Task Plan. The tasks should be listed in order of priority, with the most important activities listed first. Include the time allocated for each task or activity. You will use that list as your g uide on the order of how you should accomplish them.2. Setting GoalsWhen planning, you should always have a goal in sight. What objectives do you wish to accomplish by performing those tasks or activities? These targets are what will guide you along, to bring you to the right direction. When setting objectives, make sure that they are clear, realistic and attainable.3. Targeting DeadlinesSet deadlines and stick to them. Earlier, when you were planning, you set a time frame for each activity. There should be a deadline for the activity to be completed. A sign of good time management is being able to accomplish your tasks well before the targeted deadline.4. Delegation of Duties and ResponsibilitiesAs much as you want to, there are simply things that you cannot do by yourself. Sometimes, you have to ask for help or assistance. If you are a team leader in a certain time-bound project, you cannot do everything alone. You have team members that are there to work with you. Part of time ma nagement is the ability to delegate responsibilities, in accordance with each individual’s qualifications, skills set, and specialization. This will ensure that the tasks will be carried out more smoothly and definitely more quickly.5. Prioritization of ActivitiesThere are simply tasks that require more attention than others. By listing them down, you can easily classify the ones that have to be urgently dealt with and those that may be left for later. Your job here is to make the distinction, so the work can be assigned more effectively, and time can be allocated more efficiently to those tasks that are high priority.6. Spending time properlyTime management is also about “spending the right time on the right activity”. You may have been able to identify the high priority tasks, but you may also allot more than the required amount of time to it. In contrast, you may have decided that one task is of low priority, and only assigned a couple of hours for it to be worked on when i t actually requires around a day or two.TIPS FOR DEVELOPING GOOD TIME MANAGEMENTA little introspection is required if you want to evaluate your current time management practices and determine whether you need to make changes or carry on as usual. Of course, when doing this, a bigger degree of objectivity is expected or required. There are several exercises that you can find, especially online, on how to evaluate your time management attitudes and practices, but they have pretty much the same gist.1. Evaluate yourself.In short, you have to ask yourself how important time is to you, personally and professionally. You have to identify your reasons for wanting to manage your time better. Is it so you can earn more money? Do you want to manage your time better so you can gain more recognition at work and get that promotion you were always aiming for? Or do you want to manage your time so you can have more time later for leisure activities? More often than not, your personal goals and pri orities will coincide with your short-term objectives when it comes to accomplishing things.By evaluating yourself, you will also come across some points that you are not satisfied with. Perhaps you are spending too much time on activities that do not really provide benefits. You may also realize that you are not putting a lot of time and attention on something that requires it.2. Assess your behavior when it comes to using your time.What do you do to manage time? Do you keep track on how much time you spent on one activity? Are you religiously sticking to the To-Do lists that you do? Do you even make these lists? Do you have a tendency to leave tasks unfinished when you feel like you do not have enough time in the day, and leave it for another day?You have to identify the behaviors that you think are right, or those that work best for you. On the other hand, you also have to determine the behaviors that you find questionable and find the reasons for it. Maybe it is the wrong task, in the first place, so you can look for another.3. Determine your “prime time”.It is a fact that not all people function in the same manner. Some are more productive at certain times of the day than others. This is where the concepts of “morning person” and “night owls” are considered. It is a matter of identifying the time of the day where your energy levels are high. Most likely, that is also your most productive time, or your “prime time”. By assigning the high-priority and complex tasks or the tasks that require a lot of attention during your prime time, you are increasing the probability that these tasks will be completed or accomplished without any problems.4. Set your goals.You have to know what you are working towards. Without a goal, you are just aimlessly working, with no direction at all. It would be a good idea to set both short-term and long-term goals. Write them down so you can read them later on for reinforcement. Then you can tick off the short-term goals once they have been achieved.TIME MANAGEMENT TIPSEarlier we talked about some of the things that can be done in order to exercise good and effective time management. Here are tips that may help you develop and improve your time management skills, whether in the workplace or in your personal life.Stay organized. This includes being neat and orderly in your workplace. Often, keeping stacks of papers and documents on your desk will make finding anything more time-consuming. Label the documents properly and neatly pile them in an area where you can easily retrieve and return them after using them. This may also require having to clean up from time to time. Throw away the things that you no longer need. Not only do they take up space unnecessarily, but the clutter will also take more time to wade through.Take advantage of your prime time. This is your most productive time, so make sure that you do the more complex tasks in this interval. The routine and repetitive work may be sched uled on your periods of lower energy. It is also advisable to do your planning during your prime time, because your mind will be fresher and clearer when creating your timetable. You may also identify two hours of the day as your prime time. Find a way to be able to stretch that period into three or four hours. The longer your prime time is, the more productive you will be.Learn the art of delegation. Take responsibility for your actions, but you should also learn to say no, to ask for help, and to assign responsibilities and tasks to others, especially when they are the more qualified or skilled people to do them. This will save you â€" and them â€" a lot of time that you can use for other activities.Learn how to stay focused. Distractions are huge time wasters. You may have your day all planned out, but when distractions strike â€" and you let them â€" then you were just throwing precious time away. Be focused on the task at hand. Be strong against these distractions, no matter ho w tempting and strong they are.Do not disrespect time by misusing it. You know that you have something that you must accomplish, but you still get up and wander aimlessly, even making idle chit-chat and gossiping around. That is already time misspent. Chances are, you will go back to your work and end up rushing through it because you already used up considerable time doing something else completely unrelated. The result is likely to be work haphazardly done.Use time management tools. Fortunately, there are a number of tools that can be used for time management, ranging from old-school tools such as planners and organizers to more high-tech implements and devices, including mobile applications and software. Energizers or energy boosters also help, such as caffeine, but make sure to take them in moderation.Take breaks and relax once in a while. Stay healthy. Time management does not mean cramming all work into your day. Taking a break and relaxing is also part of good time management , because you are giving yourself time to breathe, regroup and recoup your energy, so you can take on the next tasks in your schedule efficiently and effectively. Being tired or exhausted will only end up in more mistakes, so your work will be inefficient, and that defeats the purpose of time management. Staying healthy and fit is also a given if you want to be able to do more. If you are sick or weak in body, you’d end up lying in bed and accomplishing nothing.Change your habits and lifestyle. This is probably the hardest thing for anyone to do. After all, when they are used to doing one thing, and then they have to change things, it’s bound to have an impact on other aspects of their lives. One of the best changes one can make in their lifestyle is to make good time management a habit and a way of life. Granted, this cannot be done overnight; it is bound to take some time. However, once you get started, you can simply continue on.Time management is not really about managing ti me. At the end of the day, it is about managing ourselves and how we use time. A lot of things can be said about a person from the way he or she uses her time. Furthermore, the chances of achieving goals become much higher with good time management.

Violence In American Media Influencing Australian Youth...

American music, films and video games have had a great impact on Australian citizens, particularly on young people. These American media products have got negative messages that have been invited to the audiences to engage in. Violent crimes is one of them. As American media continues to take the minds of the innocent and vulnerable, it becomes over powering and Australians are being flooded with negative violent messages. This is influencing Australians to believe that to be a tough, rough criminal is the new in thing and crime rates are escalating rapidly. This American media is such a powerful weapon, it can make lies become truths, and it can change lives. It can make people believe that they are, or can be, anything or anyone.†¦show more content†¦Like scenes from Hannibal Lector where he cuts the top of a persons head, then feeds him his own brain at a dinner.6 Years ago films, games and music has been mostly full of fun and romances, now it’s full of crime and hate. Is it any wonder kids are developing bad temperaments. American media entertainment has shaped many lives, some for good, but most for bad and will continue to for some many years to come. The song called â€Å"Get you Gunn† by Marylyn Manson is an example of violence in American media, with lyrics like: â€Å"I eat innocent meat, The housewife I will beat, The pro-life I will kill, What you wont do I will, I bash myself to sleep, What you sow I will reap, I scar myself you see, I wish I wasnt me, I am the little stick, You stir me into shit†7 Or the popular gangster rap artist Eminem, with his song â€Å"kill you;† â€Å"I invented violence, you vile venomous volatile bitches, Texas Chainsaw, left his brains all, dangling from his neck, while his head barely hangs on, Blood, guts, guns, cuts, Knives, lives, wives, nuns, sluts. Bitch Ima kill you! You dont wanna fuck with me, Girls neither - you aint nothing but a slut to me, Bitch Ima kill you!†8 Even just the titles of these violent scream and rap artists music give the impression of violence in American media. Headings like, Murder murder, Don’t give a fuck,Show MoreRelatedEssay about Honesty1861 Words   |  8 Pagesbag of food and all the change, feeling lucky that the trainee made a mistake with your order. Of course, the first action suggested above, (A) is the honest and truthful way to resolve the problem. 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The Discourse On Method Part V - 1188 Words

Rene Descartes, in his meditation, â€Å"The discourse on Method Part V†, had argued that although we humans could build a machine, that could successfully imitate a monkey, we could not build one that could imitate a human being. Descartes, believed that machines have organs that they could use to answer questions. What I understood from this point, was that machines could only answer questions that the humans have programmed or prompted them to ask. However, if the machine has not been programmed to answer a question, it would not be able to answer. In this argument, Descartes uses speech arrangement as an example. He believed that machines cannot arrange a random or unprogrammed statement the way the youngest and weakest of man can. Thus, machines can only respond if they have some sort of artificial intelligence that permits them to program the instructed statement (Descartes-Paragraph 1). A classic example, would be with the grammar section of Microsoft word. If I type my last name Madiebo, the computer, automatically underlines my name in red, suggesting it is a misspelt word. The computer, also goes as far as giving me suggestions on how to spell my own name. The only reason the computer does this, is because it has not been prompted to store my name in the computer dictionary; thus it sees my name as an error. If my name is eventually added in the dictionary, that error would never pop up. The lowest human being on the other hand, would recognize the word Madiebo as myShow MoreRelatedPresident John F. Kennedy975 Words   |  4 Pagesrelevancy of truth and what is certain ascertains our duty as a citizen of the United States. As a citizen, it is our job to discern what is true in the upcoming election. Evidence displayed by Judith V. Grabiner’s article, The Centrality of Mathematics in the History of Western Thought highlights the method we can use amid disagreements. 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The Renaissance the Invention of the Printing Press Free Essays

At the height of the Hussite crisis in the early 1400’s, when the authorities ordered 200 manuscripts of heretical writings burned, people on both sides realized quite well the significance of that act. Two hundred handwritten manuscripts would be hard to replace. Not only would it be a time consuming job, but also trained scribes would be hard to find. We will write a custom essay sample on The Renaissance: the Invention of the Printing Press or any similar topic only for you Order Now After all, most of them worked for the Church, and it seemed unlikely that the Church would loan out its scribes to copy the works of heretics. Although the Hussites more than held their own against the Church, their movement remained confined mainly to the borders of their homeland of Bohemia. One main reason for this was that there was no mass media, such as the printing press to spread the word. A century later, all that had changed. Like any other invention, the printing press came along and had an impact when the right conditions existed at the right time and place. In this case, that was Europe in the mid 1400’s. Like many or most inventions, the printing press was not the result of just one man’s ingenious insight into all the problems involved in creating the printing press. Rather, printing was a combination of several different inventions and innovations: block printing, rag paper, oil based ink, interchangeable metal type, and the squeeze press. If one process started the chain reaction of events that led to the invention of the printing press, it was the rise of towns in Western Europe that sparked trade with the outside world all the way to China. That trade exposed Europeans to three things important for the invention of the printing press: rag paper, block printing, and, oddly enough, the Black Death. For centuries the Chinese had been making rag paper, which was made from a pulp of water and discarded rags that was then pressed into sheets of paper. When the Arabs met the Chinese at the battle of the Talas River in 751 A. D. , they carried off several prisoners skilled in making such paper. The technology spread gradually across the Muslim world, up through Spain and into Western Europe by the late 1200’s. The squeeze press used in pressing the pulp into sheets of paper would also lend itself to pressing print evenly onto paper. The Black Death, which itself spread to Western Europe thanks to expanded trade routes, also greatly catalyzed the invention of the printing press in three ways, two of which combined with the invention of rag paper to provide Europe with plentiful paper. First of all, the survivors of the Black Death inherited the property of those who did not survive, so that even peasants found themselves a good deal richer. Since the textile industry was the most developed industry in Western Europe at that time, it should come as no surprise that people spent their money largely on new clothes. However, clothes wear out, leaving rags. As a result, fourteenth century Europe had plenty of rags to make into rag paper, which was much cheaper than the parchment (sheepskin) and vellum (calfskin) used to make books until then. Even by 1300, paper was only one-sixth the cost of parchment, and its relative cost continued to fall. Considering it took 170 calfskins or 300 sheepskins to make one copy of the Bible, we can see what a bargain paper was. But the Black Death had also killed off many of the monks who copied the books, since the crowded conditions in the monasteries had contributed to an unusually high mortality rate. One result of this was that the cost of copying books rose drastically while the cost of paper was dropping. Many people considered this unacceptable and looked for a better way to copy books. Thus the Black Death rag paper combined to create both lots of cheap paper plus an incentive for the invention of the printing press. The Black Death also helped lead to the decline of the Church, the rise of a money economy, and subsequently the Italian Renaissance with its secular ideas and emphasis on painting. It was the Renaissance artists who, in their search for a more durable paint, came up with oil-based paints. Adapting these to an oil-based ink that would adhere to metal type was fairly simple. Block printing, carved on porcelain, had existed for centuries before making its way to Europe. Some experiments with interchangeable copper type had been carried on in Korea. However, Chinese printing did not advance beyond that, possibly because the Chinese writing system used thousands of characters and was too unmanageable. For centuries after its introduction into Europe, block printing still found little use, since wooden printing blocks wore out quickly when compared to the time it took to carve them. As a result of the time and expense involved in making block prints, a few playing cards and pages of books were printed this way, but little else. What people needed was a movable type made of metal. And here again, the revival of towns and trade played a major role, since it stimulated a mining boom, especially in Germany, along with better techniques for working metals, including soft metals such as gold and copper. It was a goldsmith from Mainz, Germany, Johannes Gutenberg, who created a durable and interchangeable metal type that allowed him to print many different pages, using the same letters over and over again in different combinations. It was also Gutenberg who combined all these disparate elements of movable type, rag paper, the squeeze press, and oil based inks to invent the first printing press in 1451. The first printed books were religious in nature, as were most medieval books. They also imitated (handwritten) manuscript form so that people would accept this new revolutionary way of copying books. The printing press soon changed the forms and uses of books quite radically. Books stopped imitating manuscript forms such as lined paper to help the copiers and abbreviations to save time in copying. They also covered an increasingly wider variety of non-religious topics (such as grammars, etiquette, and geology books) that appealed especially to the professional members of the middle class. By 1482, there were about 100 printing presses in Western Europe: 50 in Italy, 30 in Germany, 9 in France, 8 each in Spain and Holland, and 4 in England. A Venetian printer, Aldus Manutius, realized that the real market was not for big heavy volumes of the Bible, but for smaller, cheaper, and easier to handle â€Å"pocket books†. Manutius further revolutionized book copying by his focusing on these smaller editions that more people could afford. He printed translations of the Greek classics and thus helped spread knowledge in general, and the Renaissance in particular, across Europe. By 1500, there were some 40,000 different editions with over 6,000,000 copies in print. The printing press had dramatic effects on European civilization. Its immediate effect was that it spread information quickly and accurately. This helped create a wider literate reading public. However, its importance lay not just in how it spread information and opinions, but also in what sorts of information and opinions it was spreading. There were two main directions printing took, both of which were probably totally unforeseen by its creators. First of all, more and more books of a secular nature were printed, with especially profound results in science. Scientists working on the same problem in different parts of Europe especially benefited, since they could print the results of their work and share it accurately with a large number of other scientists. They in turn could take that accurate, not miscopied, information, work with it and advance knowledge and understanding further. Of course, they could accurately share their information with many others and the process would continue. By the 1600’s, this process would lead to the Scientific Revolution of the Enlightenment, which would radically alter how Europeans viewed the world and universe. The printing press also created its share of trouble as far as some people were concerned. It took book copying out of the hands of the Church and made it much harder for the Church to control or censor what was being written. It was hard enough to control what Wycliffe and Hus wrote with just a few hundred copies of their works in circulation. Imagine the problems the Church had when literally thousands of such works could be produced at a fraction of the cost. Each new printing press was just another hole in the dyke to be plugged up, and the Church had only so many fingers with which to do the job. It is no accident that the breakup of Europe’s religious unity during the Protestant Reformation corresponded with the spread of printing. The difference between Martin Luther’s successful Reformation and the Hussites’ much more limited success was that Luther was armed with the printing press and knew how to use it with devastating effect. Some people go as far as to say that the printing press is the most important invention between the invention of writing itself and the computer. Although it is impossible to justify that statement to everyone’s satisfaction, one can safely say that the printing press has been one of the most powerful inventions of the modern era. It has advanced and spread knowledge and molded public opinion in a way that nothing before the advent of television and radio in the twentieth century could rival. If it were not able to, then freedom of the press would not be such a jealously guarded liberty as it is today. How to cite The Renaissance: the Invention of the Printing Press, Essay examples

John D. Rockefeller Essays (256 words) - Rockefeller Family

John D. Rockefeller John Davison Rockefeller (July 8, 1839 ? May 23, 1937) was an American industrialist and philanthropist. Rockefeller revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy. In 1870, he founded the Standard Oil Company and ran it until he officially retired in 1897.[1] Standard Oil began as an Ohio partnership formed by John D. Rockefeller, his brother William Rockefeller, Henry Flagler, chemist Samuel Andrews, and a silent partner Stephen V. Harkness. Rockefeller kept his stock and as gasoline grew in importance, his wealth soared and he became the world's richest man and first American billionaire, and is often regarded as the richest person in history.[2][3][4][5] Standard Oil was convicted in Federal Court of monopolistic practices and broken up in 1911. Rockefeller spent the last 40 years of his life in retirement. His fortune was mainly used to create the modern systematic approach of targeted philanthropy with foundations that had a major effect on medicine, education, and scientific research. His foundations pioneered the development of medical research, and were instrumental in the eradication of hookworm and yellow fever. He is also the founder of both The University of Chicago and Rockefeller University. He was a devoted Northern Baptist and supported many church-based institutions throughout his life. Rockefeller adhered to total abstinence from alcohol and tobacco throughout his life.[6] He married Laura Celestia ("Cettie") Spelman in 1864. They had four daughters and one son; John D. Rockefeller, Jr. "Junior" was largely entrusted with the supervision of the foundations

Internment of Japanese Canadians during world war 2 essays

Internment of Japanese Canadians during world war 2 essays In 1942, 23,000 Japanese Canadians lived on the West Coast of British Columbia. The majorities of them were Canadians by birth or naturalized citizens. While they worked as fishermen and laborers and paid their taxes, they were denied the right to vote. Thirty-five years after the first person of Japanese origin settled in Canada, Japanese Canadians continued to face persecution and racism. Despite the racism, the community continued to develop and prosper. During the years of limited immigration, women arrived and families began to grow. Japanese Canadians, still without the franchise, volunteered for service in WWI. By 1919, Japanese Canadians owned nearly half the fishing licenses in B.C., but by 1925, 1,000 fishing licenses were stripped from them. In 1941, Japanese Canadians were fingerprinted and photographed and were required to carry registration cards. War was imminent. Immediately after the bombing of Pearl Harbour, 1,800 Japanese Canadian fishing boats were seized and impounded. The government enacted the War Measures Act and vested power from the representative Parliament to the Prime Minister's Cabinet. Within three months, federal Cabinet Orders-in-Council forced the removal of Japanese Canadian male nationals to camps, and then authorized the removal of all persons of Japanese origin. The RCMP was given expanded powers to search without warrant, impose a curfew and confiscate property. A Custodian of Enemy Property was authorized to hold all land and property in trust. During the "evacuation", many people were given only 24 hours notice to vacate their homes, before being sent to "clearing sites" where they were detained until internment camps were prepared. A civilian body, the B.C. Security Commission was in charge of the expulsion orders. By November 1942, after eight months of operation, the Commission managed to breakup and up-root families and sent nearly 22,000 individuals to road camps, internment camps a...

Boss Appreciation Day Quotes

Boss Appreciation Day Quotes Here is an unofficial code: if you want to climb the corporate ladder, first learn to manage your boss. With a happy boss, you can reach the top. On this Bosss Day, share these quotes with your superior to win them over. Robert Frost The difference between a job and a career is the difference between forty and sixty hours a week. Sam Walton There is only one boss. The customer. And he can fire everybody in the company from the chairman on down, simply by spending his money somewhere else. Howard Aiken Dont worry about people stealing your ideas. If your ideas are any good, youll have to ram them down peoples throats. John Gotti If you think your boss is stupid, remember: you wouldnt have a job if he was any smarter. Lawrence H. Martin In many businesses, today will end at five oclock. Those bent on success, however, make today last from yesterday right through to tomorrow. Elbert Hubbard There is no failure except in no longer trying. Doug Larson Accomplishing the impossible means only that the boss will add it to your regular duties. Casey Stengel The secret of successful managing is to keep the five guys who hate you away from the four guys who havent made up their minds. The key to being a good manager is keeping the people who hate you away from those who are still undecided. Peter Drucker Management by objective works- if you know the objectives. Ninety percent of the time you dont. Homer Simpson Kill my boss? Do I dare live out the American dream? Tim Gould Ive been promoted to middle management. I never thought Id sink so low. Byron Pulsifer A good boss is a person who can tolerate my complaints and still manage to say hello to me every day. If it wasnt for bad bosses, I wouldnt know what a good one was like. Leo J. Farrell, Jr. The mark of a true executive is usually illegible. Cedric Adams Executive: A man who talks to visitors so the other employees can get their work done.

The Overview of Programming Languages Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Overview of Programming Languages - Essay Example The essay "The Overview of Programming Languages" presents a brief history of programming languages and the merits and demerits of communicating with the machine. The History of Programming languages can be dated back to 1954. Ever since the idea of computing through electronic devices evolved, for many a people, it was interesting to develop new ways of automating the devices using a new subject called Programming. And to do this it has to be language that bridges man and machine. This communicating language that bridges man and machine is called â€Å"Programming language†. Today there are more than 2500 languages. Generally, programming languages are tools used to construct formal descriptions of finite computations. Each computation consists of operations that transform a given initial state into some final state. A programming language provides essentially three components for describing such computations: data types, objects, and values with operations defined upon them; rules fixing the chronological relationships among specified operations; rules fixing the structure of a program. These components together constitute the level of abstraction on which we can formulate algorithms with the help of this programming language. A programming language's surface form, that is, how programs are represented to a reader, is its syntax. Programming languages vary widely in this surface form. Most programming languages are textual. They consist of sequences of "words" and "punctuation marks", much like written natural languages.

Essense of Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Essense of Music - Essay Example As the research declares by demanding for an urgent negotiating agreement, the prologue asserts that the trade unions misdirected workers by highlighting an impression that the employees have common interests with the employers. The prologue urges the employees to craft an organization of all "members in any one industry, or in all industries". In addition, the prologue expounds, "Instead of the conservative motto, 'A fair day's wage for a fair day's work,' we must inscribe on our banner the revolutionary watchword, 'Abolition of the wage system.'" According to the study findings the song â€Å"Down in the Coal Mine Underneath the Ground† is melodious and perfectly done. Anyone admires a nicely done song. The first core reason why this song is worth a listen many years into its future is the ingeniously crafted lyrics. The composer was careful enough to include the various stylistic elements that add to the aesthetic beauty of the song. For instance, the script writer adds alliteration, rhyme and repetition to enhance the emphasis and the message of the song. The script writer uses rhyme in these lyrics by using rhythmical words such as â€Å"ground†¦found†¦round†. â€Å"Down in the coalmine, underneath the ground†¦Where a gleam of sunshine never can be found†¦Digging up the dusky diamonds all the season round.† The overall aesthetic beauty of the song is added by the message which promotes the ethical stand of work.

Rewards In Society :: essays research papers

Micro Theme Assignment #1, Position #2   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Our present society is composed of a ranking structure based on the premise that unequal distribution of rewards such as status, resources, and power is natural, right and good; and for this type of structure to stand, there must be many on the bottom, and a few at the top. Persons in the structure must either resign themselves to their status, compete to win a higher position, and/or defend the position they have. In order for some to move up this structural hierarchy, others must move down if the structure is to remain stable. Although this process may be necessary for our existing society to function properly, it can also prove to be detrimental to society. The competition, fear, greed, resentment and revenge inherent in these types of social systems continue to be formidable barriers blocking the way to social equality in our current society. Karl Marx believed that production is dependant on the workers material conditions present at the time. Unequal distribution of rewards may cause those people who do not experience promotion or personal gain to feel insignificant to society, resulting in a low self-esteem and a reduced level of production. I enlisted into the United States Army for three years following my high school graduation. A good example of unequal distribution of awards is the military, where the whole income structure is based on a person’s rank, and only one individual at the top of your chain of command can grant a request for an increase in rank. If that individual does not like you, he or she has the power to deny any and all requests for promotion. For the soldiers that were denied a promotion, they were looked down upon by many of their peers and leaders. These soldiers soon began to act as if they did not deserve to be promoted. Marx said, “how workers are related to each other can affect their family relations, leisure activities, child-rearing practices, and self-esteem';(Kerbo 94). I observed some of these characteristics, such as low self-esteems, thoughts of quitting the Army before the expiration of enlistment, thoughts of committing violent crimes, and even suicide. The unequal distribution of rewards can also lead to what Max Weber called “status groups';, groups of people who obtain similar levels of promotion, prestige or personal gain in their workplace or community. These groups of people tend to cut themselves off from those not in their group.

Merchant of Venice – Shylock

Shylock is â€Å"The Merchant of Venice† In William Shakespeare’s â€Å"The Merchant of Venice,† there are many themes, symbols and words alike which take on a complex and dual nature. Not only can lines in the play be interpreted by the audience in multiple ways, they are meant to have multiple meanings. This duality can be seen in the characters as well. Shylock is portrayed as both a victim and a villain and our sense of him evolves as his character is revealed to us as â€Å"The Merchant of Venice. We are first introduced to Shylock in Act I Scene III when we learn about his job as a moneylender. During this period of time, Jewish people were very limited in the jobs they could obtain; they were looked down upon by, and on the fringe of, society. While the Christians could lend money, it was immoral and against church rule for them to charge any type of interest, it was usurious. However, there was nothing to forbid Jewish lenders from making a living by cha rging interest. They did so to survive and were despised for such an â€Å"immoral and disgraceful† practice. Bassanio goes to Shylock for a loan to be given in Antonio's name. Upon Antonio’s entering, Shylock displays his disdain for Antonio in an aside, â€Å"How like a fawning publican he looks! / I hate him for he is Christian, / but more for that in low simplicity / he lends out money gratis†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1. 1. 41-45). His hatred is dual in nature; Antonio lends money without interest threatening the existence of his job as a moneylender. Also, Antonio is prejudiced against the Jews and has humiliated and insulted Shylock publicly for both his lending practices and his religion. This is revealed when Shylock asks Antonio why he should lend money to someone who has, â€Å"†¦rated me / About my moneys and my usuances†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1. 3. 117-118) â€Å"You call me misbeliever, cutthroat dog / And spet upon my Jewish Gaberdine†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1. 3. 121-122). Shylock could not retaliate the prejudice, and had to tolerate the abuse, â€Å"Still have I borne it with a patient shrug / for sufferance is the badge of all our tribe† (1. 3. 119-120). This portrays Shylock as a person who is victimized and helpless against the prejudice and racism present in that society. Antonio asks that Shylock see the loan not as a lending of money to a friend, but â€Å"rather to thine enemy, / Who, if he break, thou mayst with better face / Exact the penalty† (1. 3. 145-146). Shylock is now given power over the fate of the loan, Bassanio’s desired pursuit of Portia and the choice of bond for the loan. It is a chance for Shylock’s to seek retribution not only from Antonio personally, but on a larger scale Christian society as a whole. To further advance his position, he speaks to Antonio as a friend, â€Å"I would be friends with you, and have your love, / Forget the shames that you have stained me with† (1. . 149-150). Shylock’s cynically toned change of heart toward Antonio makes it clear his feigned friendship may, quite probably, be motivated by ulterior interests. At this point, there is a substantial shift in the character of Shylock from being that of a victim to that of a villain. Shylock is not interested in receiving m ere interest on the money he lends, he wants a redemption and revenge for himself and his people which no amount of money will satisfy for him. The selfish, greedy, usurous Jew many want to make Shylock out to be is no longer being guided by a monetary beacon. He is now seemingly overtaken by a cruel morbid desire for revenge. He has become passionately cunning, malicious and vengeful, â€Å"†¦let the forfeit / Be nominated for an equal pound / Of your fair flesh, [possibly as opposed to his slightly darker Jewish flesh] to be cut off and taken / In what part of your body pleaseth me† (1. 3. 160-163). He reveals the depths of his discontent and his desire for vengeance when he says, â€Å"I will have the heart of him if he forfeit† (3. 2. 125-126). It is not long before Shylock receives news from Tubal that some of Antonio’s fleet has come upon misfortune and he has no choice but to break his bond. Shylock declares, â€Å"I am very glad of it. I'll plague him, I'll / torture him, I am glad of it† (3. 1. 115-116). The arrest of Antonio for failure to timely pay his bond solidifies what is lawfully owed to and bought and paid for by Shylock. There is no doubt that Shylock has every intention of collecting this bloody bond, his obsessive hatred for Antonio becomes apparent, â€Å"I’ll have my bond. Speak not against my bond. I have sworn an oath that I will have my bond†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (3. 3. 5-6). Shylock has transformed from discriminated repressed Jew to despised money lender to murderous vengeful sinner. During the trial scene, Shylock clearly enjoys the forthcoming bond which is due to him, he whets his knife on his shoe in the courtroom so that he can, â€Å"cut the forfeiture from [Antonio]† (4. 1 . 124). Shylock is unyielding in his desire. The pound of flesh is worth more to him than ten times the amount of ducats owed. More so, he rejects any appeal to the divine sanction of ercy, and believes to have his bond is lawfully and morally â€Å"right. † Shylock asks the Duke, â€Å"What judgment shall I dread, doing no wrong? † (4. 1. 90) and states, â€Å"I crave the law† (4. 1. 213). Even though he is legally entitled, Portia tries to appeal to his moral obligation to show mercy. He is not moved by this, and readies to collect his bond. At this point, the law is turned on Shylock. Portia tells Shylock he may have his bond, but that, â€Å"This bond doth give thee here no jot of blood†¦if thou dost shed / One drop of Christian blood, thy lands and goods / Are by the laws of Venice confiscate† (4. . 319-324). Shylock, realizing his desired pound of flesh will not be his bond, agrees to accept the payment of the ducats. To this, Portia replies, à ¢â‚¬Å"The Jew shall have all justice. Soft, no haste! / He shall have nothing but the penalty. † Further, Portia declares, â€Å"It is enacted in the laws of Venice, / If it be proved against an alien / That by direct or indirect attempts / He seeks the life of any citizen†¦the offender’s life lies in the mercy of the Duke. † Shylock is forced to his knees to beg the Duke for Mercy. He is again, the â€Å"Jew dog. † His life as it is a physical existence was spared. Shylock, would choose death over the mercy shown to him by the Duke and Antonio, he asks the court to, â€Å"Take my life and all† (4. 1. 389). In granting him to keep half of his goods, Antonio takes his identity, his religion, his heart and soul. Antonio seeks that Shylock, â€Å"presently become a Christian; / The other, that he do record a gift, / Here in the court, of all he dies possessed / Unto his son Lorenzo and his daughter† (4. . 403-406). Life and Christianity have defeated Shylock, they have taken his daughter and given him a Christian son to which he is bound to leave everything he owns. Shylock has been stripped of any power he may have once, if fleetingly, had. He has been broken down and stripped of his â€Å"merciless† religion. He is no longer villainous, he is piteous. Shylock evolved and transformed as a character, before us as an audience just as our feelings, perceptions and sympathies for him.

Act III, Scene I the Pivotal Scene in Romeo and Juliet Essay

Since life is too complex to be classified into a single category, then why should a play imitating life be confined to a single genre? In the classic tale of two star crossd lovers, Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare dabbles with both the comic and tragic genres (Prologue, Line 6). The play starts in the traditional comic form but undergoes a transformation in Act III, Scene I. In this scene, the death of Mercutio, and consequential death of Tybalt, transform the play into a tragedy. With each death comes a change that alters the course of the rest of the play. Mercutios death results in an inversion of the plays genre. Traditional comic elements are lifted only to be replaced by tragedy. The death of Tybalt constitutes another radical†¦show more content†¦He is neither a Montague nor a Capulet; he is the cousin of Prince Escalus. Considering his relation to the Prince, a figure of authority, Mercutios death can be regarded as the symbolic death of social order. The failure to u phold order is a failure to uphold comedy since the maintenance of social order is regarded as fundamental in comedy. Not only is Mercutios death the symbolic death of social order but also of communication. As previously discussed, Mercutios comedy thrives on his ability to manipulate speech. His profound mastery of language is what makes Mercutio the distinct character that he is. His death, therefore, is also the symbolic death of language, which is a form of communication. The loss of Mercutio, and consequently communication, is what dooms Romeo and Juliet and denies them a future together. Friar John is detained at a quarantined house so Romeo is not informed of Juliet and Friar Lawrences plan. This lack of communication leads to Romeos suicide and ultimately Juliets. Thus, Mercutios death marks the end of communication and in the process, seals Romeo and Juliets fate. On a broader level and more generally speaking, Mercutios murder also represents the death of a genre. As the prominent comical figure in the play, Mercutios death signals the end of the comic genre. In a conventional comedy, Mercutio would not have died because Tybalt would have been stopped by some sort of interference. However, there is no interventionShow MoreRelatedEssay on Dramatic Effects in Romeo and Juliet III.12285 Words   |  10 PagesRomeo and Juliet is a sixteenth-century play written by William Shakespeare. Amongst the most renowned of Shakespeares plays, Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy that focuses on the fated relationship of two star-crossed lovers. The play focuses on themes of love and hate, mostly concerning the feud between the two opposing families, the Montagues and the Capulets. This play came at a time when such social events like courting were not just accepted, but expected. Witchcraft and fate were also stronglyRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Jul iet1374 Words   |  6 Pagesto Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet. William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet explores the quote â€Å"unbridled passion is to blame for the deaths of the young lovers† throughout the play/The quote â€Å"unbridled passion is to blame for the deaths of the young lovers† is lengthily explored throughout William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet. The composer achieves this through the themes of individual versus society, youth and naivety, and love and hate. The theme of love and hate plays a pivotal role in the playRead MoreAnalysis Of The Structure Hamlet 1233 Words   |  5 Pagesin a piece of literature is pivotal to the success of the work. If an author can t decide where to start and finish his ideas, what order to put them in, or what form to put his work in then he lacks structure. One great example of an author who does this is william shakespeare. Shakespeare was an English poet, playwright, and commonly regarded as the greatest writer in the English language. He has written quite the handful of plays including Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, and Hamlet. In his work ofRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet Essay3604 Words   |  15 Pages Hamlet was written around the year 1600 in the final years of the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, who had been the monarch of England for more than forty years and was then in her late sixties. The prospect of Elizabeth’s death and the question of who would succeed her was a subject of grave anxiety at the time, since Elizabeth had noRead MoreEssay about William Shakespeares Relevance Today2257 Words   |  10 Pagesoperation of the orbs From whom we do exist and cease to be; Here I disclaim all my paternal care, Propinquity and property of blood, And as a stranger to my heart and me Hold thee, from this, for ever. (King Lear, Act 1, Scene 1, lines 111-116) The opening to the play sets the beginnings of the tragic trap which lays ahead, for both the audience and the characters. Lear in his pivotal central role sits in judgment of the love of his own daughters, much

United States Government Expansion Essay - 752 Words

In the last century and a half, the United States Government has grown significantly in size, scope, and influence. There are many contributing factors to this expansion. The quest for civil rights, presidential programs and how those programs affected domestic policy, and the foreign policies that were a result of imperialism, nationalism, and the many conflicts that the nation became involved in were the biggest catalysts attributing to this progressive development in the government. These effects have shaped the government from the vision of the Founding Fathers into what it is today. The expansion of the government’s power, particularly the Executive Branch, has its roots in Progressivism. Based on the ideas of philosophers like†¦show more content†¦US protection from Asian countries and the need for a Pacific base were the reasons for getting Hawaii. Both of these acquisitions would become a huge part of foreign policy and the need for an expanded government in t he coming years. As imperialism extended the country’s power and influence through diplomacy and military might, the policy of non-intervention would quickly become outdated. Due to Britain and France running out of men, money, and material, the US had to get involved in World War I. This involvement brought about numerous new policies and activities by the government. The War Industries Board, Food Administration, Railway Board, and the US Shipping Board came to be. Railroads were nationalized and two new laws, the Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918, were put into effect as a result of US involvement in the war. Hawaii would become a key part of World War II with the bombing of Pearl Harbor. One of the Cold War â€Å"battlefields† was Alaska. Due to the Truman Doctrine and its policy of containing communism, the US gor involved in Korea and later, Vietnam. Domestic policy changes, also tied to Progressivism, were a major component of the expansion of the size, scope, and influence of the US government. Roosevelt’s Square Deal caused the government to grow because he wanted the government to regulate business and get more involved in the American economy. Under Taft,Show MoreRelatedRole of the United States Government in the Global Expansion of Us Media Industries1478 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Expansion of US Media Industries 1 ROLE OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT IN THE GLOBAL EXPANSION OF US MEDIA INDUSTRIES by Lunlalit Niyomtas Student ID : 14060193 Global Media 2MED7H3 Professor Daya Thussu School of Media, Arts and Design University of Westminster Global Expansion of US Media Industries 2 Introduction In the recent past, we cannot deny that the media industry has experienced monumental growth both in terms of revenues and global expansion. 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Media Is The Main Source Of Mass Communication - 877 Words

All across the globe, media is seen everywhere. Billboards, magazines, television, the Internet, newspapers; it’s everywhere! Every day, each individual is exposed to some sort of media. It has now become an integral part of each individual’s life. Media is the main source of mass communication; whether through television, radio, newspapers, and/or the Internet. Prior to the 19th Century, letters, smoke signals, telegrams and carrier pigeons were the common ways of communications. Whereas now, media has managed to secure the attention of people of all age groups and genders and has provided them with several effective means of communication and has influenced many aspects of their lives. For instance, from influencing consumer needs and decisions via advertisements to providing feasibility in daily communication to eliminating any unnecessary upfront interaction, the media is every where and is ineluctable. Internet is one of the most used forms of media. It gives anyone the freedom to search anything they want. It inherits all possible means of social media, for instance: FaceBook, Twitter, Tumbler, etc. All these social networking sites spread information faster than any other form of media. Nearly 50% of people learn about breaking news on social media. Relatively, 65% of established media reporters use social media sites like Facebook and LinkedIn for story research, and 52% use Twitter. Also, social networking sites allow people to maintain communication withShow MoreRelatedMass Media Essay720 Words   |  3 Pages Mass Media: Development and Literacy Assignment Emily Lewis Horne University of Phoenix HUM 186 October 30, 2017 The Major Developments of the Mass Media In the textbook, Media and Culture: Mass Communication in a Digital Age, written by Richard Campbell, it talks about wat mass media is and the mass media developments. 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How to Combat Inflation Free Essays

Recommendations Based on the results generated from the multiple regression analysis of this research, there are few recommendations that can be implemented to combat the inflation in Malaysian economy. The recommendations are: 1. Malaysia government should focus on producing export goods than importing goods from other countries in order to encourage appreciation of Ringgit Malaysia currency value. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Combat Inflation or any similar topic only for you Order Now In turn, it will decrease the inflation rate and trigger the purchasing power to other currencies namely, dollar, euro and pound. This is because countries with high inflation rate will experience depreciation in their currency. However, even though the ringgit appreciation can reduce the import prices, consumers may not able to get the benefit from the reduction. According to Central Bank, the vigorous appreciation of ringgit currency can slow down the export competitiveness that can directly impact income and weaken domestic demand. 2. GDP and CPI is directly impact each other. Income is adjusted according to the CPI level. In order to reduce the inflation rate, government should monitor the growth of GDP. If GDP is increase too fast, CPI also will increase too fast and subsequently, increase the cost of living. In addition, the government is slower than the market, making it almost impossible for government to keep up with the income adjustments needed to provide good quality of life to Malaysians. 3. It is Central Bank responsibility to decide the most appropriate deposit rate to be imposed on the money savers. One of the ways to reduce the inflation rate in Malaysia is by increasing the deposit rate so that people will save more and spends less. Increase in deposit rate can discourage borrowing, and somehow reduce the consumer spending and consequently reduce the inflation rate. How to cite How to Combat Inflation, Essay examples

Socio Demographic Data And The Means Of Travelling †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Socio Demographic Data And The Means Of Travelling. Answer: Introduction This chapter contains the empirical review, theoretical review as well as the conceptual framework. The empirical review gives detailed information on the study, which includes, assessing the relationship between socio-demographic data and the means of travelling to work, evaluate the difference in travel behavior between young adults and senior adult, and examine how level of access to transport mode influence mode share. The theories covered in the theoretical review include the Transaction Cost Theory, Concept of consumer behavior and the service quality theory, while the conceptual framework gives a description of the relationship between travel behavior and customer service delivery. Theoretical Framework Transaction Cost Theory This theory was propagated by Hicks and Niehans in 1983 The theory states that the existence of companies has been thriving since they can only administer transactions of a market place within themselves in an affordable way than they can with any other company externally. Transaction cost occurs when working with parties from the outside of the company. These costs include information cost, decision cost, outsourcing costs and enforcement cost. Information cost has been greatly reduced by emergence of new information technology which has enabled managers to pursue and carry out transactions in a resourceful way. Transaction cost can be classified into several categories namely; tangible and intangible costs, monetary cost, intellectual and labour costs which occur indirectly, hence they are termed as indirect costs. A firm will incur labour costs when they get someone to do something on their behalf (Williamson, 1989). A company structure and systems is a mojor concern in control ov er transaction cost and the management should make all transactions internal to avoid non production costs, risks and drawbacks. Transaction overheads have a valuable influence on customer service transmittal. The goal of the study is to check in thoroughly how customer service delivery can be made better using social media marketing. Social media as a platform will achieve this in lowering transactions costs. Concept of consumer behavior Consumer behavior research is the scientific study of how human beings will seek a study of how they use goods that satisfy their human wants. Consumer behaviors include the actions and decisions that lead to a customer's purchase of a good or services. It is studied by marketers, businesses and researchers to understand what influences an individuals preference and choice of a product of service. There are various factors that affect consumer behavior they include; beliefs and social values, age, education, culture, economic status and personality, The findings on consumer behavior are used to come up with strategies and products that will improve a companys performance and profits. Todays research on consumer behavior is increasingly vital for businesses because consumers are now more knowledgeable and powerful (Faison, 1977). Characteristics of consumers will comprise four key factors where the factors are responsible for the different sorts of behaviors portrayed by the consumers. These factors include: Cultural: Different people will have differing cultures where they are affected through socialization processes with family and other key organizations. Social: consumer behavior will also be affected by the kin of friends and age mate as well as the social class that one has. Personal: people have differing preferences and this will trigger their customer satisfaction. Group influence: the group in which a consumer associates with will be responsible for the consumer preference, perception and attitude towards a product or service. The purchasing power: consumers evaluate their ability to purchase before deciding to buy the product or service. Economic condition: the prevailing economic situation in the market plays a vital role in influencing consumer behavior and their choice of products. Advertisements; this helps to create awareness and remind the consumers about a product. This greatly influences the consumer decisions and behavior (Sirgy, 1982). Service quality theory This theory was propagated by It states that the satisfaction of a customer with the service delivered to them depends on their first experience of the same service or product; or on the expectations they had before in comparison with the actual performance they received. Thus, if the customers recent experience is better than their preceding anticipation, then the customers desires, needs, taste and preferences would have been met. This concept states that the quality of service shows the difference between the expectation of a customer from a provision and their perception of the service they receive. It is therefore important for customers perceptions and expectations to be known (Brown et al., 1993) Business organizations can use social media marketing to find out what customers say about their services and work on improving them. The information they get from social media sites can enable them to design ways of offering better service (Grnroos, 1984).Through social media, businesses get insights, ideas and thought on how to offer better customer service as well as new services or products that they can offer their customers. Empirical Review How organizations utilize socio-demographic data in customer service delivery Companies across variety of industries are exploring social demographic data to improve customer service delivery. Socio-demographic outlets help organizations to monitor their customers and acquire information about the customers preferences, taste and their opinion towards the organizations service delivery. This data allows enterprises to champion any changes that may arise due to customer service related and to effectively make appropriate adjustments to strategies, products or services (Bettencourt, 1997). The social demographic data report in 2012 showed that 83% of marketers view social demographic data as essential to businesses. It also gave the advantages of using social demographic data; which include better exposure. This means that through social demographic data, businesses are more exposed to their customers. They can offer customer service by meeting with the customers one on one and listening to their complains, suggestions and opinion about your products and service ( Hubbert et al. 1997). Trio Digital Company Ltd is characterized by its excellent operational online customer relations. This is due to its ability to incorporate cultures that motives the employees to act and respond swiftly on consumer needs. The organization carries out training and development to equip their staff with knowledge and skills on how to relate with customers and address their complains in time, this improves customer service delivery. Through social demographic data, the support staffs are abl e to answer customer questions and solve their problems How organizations examine level of access to transport mode influence mode share. A theory was first developed by Howard in 1963 then developed further by Howard and Sheth in 1969 to become Theory of Buyer Behavior. The theory explains four variables that influence consumer behavior which includes perception and learning constructs outputs, input and external variables. Input variables refer to the environmental stimuli a consumer is exposed to. The types of stimuli that the advertiser may provide are symbolic stimuli; which refers to an iconic presentation of a product that affects the buyer indirectly. significant stimuli which are actual elements of products that the consumer acts on and social stimuli which includes family, social class (Buehler, (2011). Perceptual or Learning Constructs refers to physiological variables such as motives, perceptions and attitudes that impact on consumers decision process. Outputs: the purchase choice is the output; when a consumer uses a product and is satisfied with it, this will build up a positive attitude and increase purc hase intent of the product or brand. Exogenous Variable: These are external variables that greatly impact consumer decisions. They include social class, culture, organization, financial status and personality. This theory attempts to show rationality of brand choice behavior by buyers under conditions of incomplete information and reduced processing ability. This model is based on the assumption that customers behave rationally when purchasing a product. Conceptual Framework References Bettencourt, L. A. (1997). Customer voluntary performance: Customers as partners in service delivery.Journal of retailing,73(3), 383-406. Brown, T. J., Churchill, G. A., Peter, J. P. (1993). Improving the measurement of service quality.Journal of retailing,69(1), 127-139. Buehler, R. (2011). Determinants of transport mode choice: a comparison of Germany and the USA.Journal of Transport Geography,19(4), 644-657. Faison, E. W. (1977). The neglected variety drive: A useful concept for consumer behavior.Journal of Consumer Research, 172-175. Grnroos, C. (1984). A service quality model and its marketing implications.European Journal of marketing,18(4), 36-44. Jo Bitner, M., Faranda, W. T., Hubbert, A. R., Zeithaml, V. A. (1997). Customer contributions and roles in service delivery.International journal of service industry management,8(3), 193-205. Sirgy, M. J. (1982). Self-concept in consumer behavior: A critical review.Journal of consumer research,9(3), 287-300. Williamson, O. E. (1989). Transaction cost economics.Handbook of industrial organization,1, 135-182.

Leading Managing People - Expatriate free essay sample

Multinational firms throughout the world are increasingly concerned about hiring, developing and retaining managers with international experience and global perspectives† quoted by Briscoe and Schuler in 2004. This report will be focusing on variety of issues relating to Human Resource implications which faced by the expatriate working in MNC located in Malaysia as well as Malaysian working in overseas. The extraction will be from the most recent newspaper, journal and articles relating to the following topics in human resource management. 1) Expatriate Failure and the Selection policy 2) Training and development for cross-cultural 3) Performance appraisal for expatriate The expatriation was subjugated by professionals sent by their employers to foreign subsidiaries or headquarters. 3. 0 KEY ISSUES AND ANALYSIS 3. 1 Expatriate Failure and the Selection policy Expatriate facade many new challenges both in the workplace and the community. For instance, culture shock differences in work-related norms, isolation, homesick, housing, schooling, language, customs, cost of living and coping with his/her spouse’s problems of adapting to new environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Leading Managing People Expatriate or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page According to Stone(2008), research indicates that a manager’s inability to adapt or their partner’s inability to adapt is the major cause of expatriate failure. Harvey(1983) cited the consequence include premature return from a foreign posting and high resignation rates, with expatriates leaving their company at about twice the rate of domestic managements. Tung (1987) expounded the three main reasons contributing to the failure of expatriates in US MNC is as follows:- * the inability of the manager’s spouse to adjust to a different physical or cultural environment; * the manager’s inability to adapt to a different physical or cultural environment; * other family-related problems. One study by International Orientation Resources, an HRM consulting firm, found that 60 percent of expatriate failures occur due to these three reasons too(Solomon,1994). Besides the above mentioned reasons, include inappropriate selection practices, inadequate preparation and training as well as the stresses associated with expatriation which identified by New Zealand research (Enderwick and Hodgson, 1993). Another critical reason is the cross-cultural communications can be a struggle for the international manager. Gestures, facial expressions, behaviour and words can have different meanings and connotations. China, Korea and Japanese have high-context cultures where considerable importance is given to non-verbal and situational cues. In contrast, Australia, Canada, the US and Britain have low-context cultures where what is said is what it meant(Stone,2008). In contrast, some Malaysians who work aboard feel that the grass is greener on the other side. In Appendix A, this article highlighted the reasons why some Malaysian prefer to remain overseas. Due to higher paid, to widen their horizons, the prestige of working in a foreign company and the quality of life is unbeatable. The expatriate is unable to adapt in the foreign environment due to lack of cultural skills. According to HRM consulting firm, this is because the expatriate selection process at many organisations is essentially flawed (Solomon, 2000). Expatriates failed because these three focal reasons which mentioned by Tung that have not been part of the selection process. The underlying message was that the family is the basic unit of expatriation, not the individual. The MNC needs to look into this matter seriously in order to reduce expatriate failure. 3. 2 Training and development for cross-cultural Many companies including MNC have been ignored on providing training for employees whether local or global organisations. MNC recruits expatriate based on technical competence and past job performance as the key selection criteria and assumed the expatriate is able to adapt in the country where he was posted. MNC should not take them for granted. They should be pre-prepared by providing orientation, training on the cultural, language and living skill in the host country. Shown in Appendix D, expatriate reports interviewed an expatriate working in Nanchang, China on how significant was the culture shock he experienced when he moved abroad? He replied that quite significant and hard to adapt to the Chinese food and people spitting on the streets. Certainly, at the initial stage every expatriate will face cultural shock difference which may lead to miscommunication, misunderstanding and misinterpretation. Then directly he will be unproductive, inefficiency and faces expatriate failure. The MNC has to recruit a new manager to replace him which will be time consuming and have to repeat the process of selection and hiring. The MNC requires the expatriate to train the local employees in the host-country by transferring his knowledge and skills to them so that they are able to be independent and step into the positions/responsibilities within the shortest possible time. The article in Appendix B highlighted Malaysia government will review the education system to produce talent needed for an advanced nation and also perks to lure home highly skilled Malaysians (brain drain) and retain global talent to develop a quality workforce. Even our government recognise the essential of education/training to develop our highly skilled employees that are not only vital to the companies but also making the nation into globally competitive and transforming it as the high-income economy for instance Singapore, HK and Shanghai. 3. Performance appraisal for expatriate Stone (2008) cited that performance appraisal is a matter of serious concern for many expatriates. This is because performance appraisal is often handled badly. Companies fail to take into account the added complexities that come with international appraisals. Key issues involving performance expectations, performance measures and who will be responsible for the conduct of the appraisals are left vague or undecided. Worse, some head office managers ignore the international appraisal and do not incorporate it into the career development process. The end result is that expatriates perceive the appraisal process as unfair and as a source of never-ending frustration. Groeschi (2003) quotes that a number of comparative international and cross-cultural management research projects have concluded that HRM is influenced by culture. He also highlighted the same HRM policy is likely to be attributed quite different meanings by different cultural groups for instance performance appraisal. An organisation’s performance appraisal systems are an important element of its control systems, which is a central component of organisation architecture (see Figure 1 as below). In many international companies, the thorny issue is how best to evaluate the performance of expatriate managers (Hill, 2009). During the appraisal evaluation for the expatriate, there are two groups who evaluate the performance of expatriate managers. They are host-nation manager and home-office managers whom are subject to bias. The host-nation managers may be biased by their own cultural frame of reference and expectations. On the other hand, home-country mangers’ appraisals may be biased by distance and by their own lack of experience working abroad. Home-office managers often not aware of what is going on in a foreign operation and they tend to rely on hard data in evaluating an expatriate’s performance, such as the productivity, revenues, profitability or market share which reflect factors outside the expatriate’s control. Due to such biases, many expatriate managers believe that headquarters management evaluates them unfairly and does not fully appreciate the value of their skills and experience. It also one of the reasons many of them believe a foreign posting does not benefit their careers (Hill, 2009). 4. 0 RECOMMENDATION 4. 1 Expatriate Failure and the Selection policy Managing a MNC provides a diversity of challenges which the crucial one will be how the parent-company will recruit potential expatriate to manage their off-shore operations affiliates/subsidiaries. Selection of the expatriate must be right at the first time although time and resources consuming in reviewing and evaluating all the potential candidates follow by filtering them. The expatriate should not be selected based on technical competence and past job performance as the key selection criteria. Expatriate failure in many cases is the result of a lack of personal adjustment rather than a lack of technical skills. Harvey (1997) cited furthermore, research shows that in many companies expatriate selection is often haphazard and irrational. Organisations need to understand that in choosing expatriates, they should take into account differences in the business, social and cultural environment in the specific country and the impact on the potential expatriate, spouse and dependants (Stone, 2008). Stone’s (1991) study found that both local managers and expatriate managers perceive the essential selection criteria as the expatriate’s ability to adapt and the adaptability of the partner and family. 4. Training and management development for cross-cultural According to Hill (2009), superior performance requires not only strategy must also be supported by the right organisation architecture. Strategy is implemented through organisation. In Figure 1, people are the linchpin of a firm’s organisation architecture. For a firm to outperform its rivals in the global marketplace, it must have the right people in the right postings. Those people must be trained appropriately so they have the skill sets required to perform their jobs effectively and so they behave in a manner that is congruent with the desired culture of the firm. The following trainings are recommended for MNCs’ expatriates:- * Cross-Culture Training prior to departure The purpose of this training allows individuals to more rapidly adjust to the new culture before departing to host-country, and therefore, to be more effective in their new roles (Black and Mendenhall, 1990). It has been widely recognised for more than 20 years that the partners and children of expatriates play an important role in contributing to the success of expatriate assignments (Fukuda and Chu, 1994; Rahim, 1983) Cultural, Language and Practical(Living Skill) trainings * These trainings are helping to control and reduce expatriate failures. There is no question that comprehensive cultural training can have many benefits for MNCs. For starters, it can help orient and develop expatriates to better communicate, understand, and work effectively with people from different cultural, religious, and ethnic backgrounds. Comprehending and valuing cultural differences can al so help expatriates in the effective management of multi-cultural teams. Understanding global markets, customers, suppliers, and competitors is another indirect benefit. Pragmatically, cultural training can have a positive impact on combating very expensive expatriate failure (Luthans, 2002). Their spouse adaption problem, it is important that the spouse and the whole family to be included in this training * Language training usually conducted in host-country’s language. When the expatriate willing to communicate in the host-country language(even not fluent), can help build rapport with local employees and improve the manager’s effectiveness. * Benefit of practical training in helping the expatriate manager and family ease themselves into daily life in the host country. The expatriate community group can be a great source of support and information sharing in helping the expatriate’s family adapt to a foreign culture. 4. 3 Performance appraisal for expatriate To overcome the expatriate’s frustration and problems, the HR manager needs to ensure that the following key issues are clarified before the expatriate begins an overseas assignment:- * What are the organisation’s performance expectations? * What criteria and standards will be used to measure performance? * Who will conduct the evaluation – a local manager, a head office manager or both? * What will be the frequency of the appraisals? What consideration will be given to local environmental influence? (for example, volatility of foreign exchange rate fluctuations, availability of skilled labour, political instability, corruption and so on) * Is the appraisal positively incorporated into the career development process? * Are head office managers cognisant of the local business environment? * Are there any cultural influences that may distort the measurement of the expatriate’s performance? In order to overcome the biases of the two groups who evaluate the expatriate managers’ performance, it is recommended to implement 360-degree feedback.