The Function of Desire in Relationships Between a Man and a Youth Essay

The structure and capacity of various sorts of sexual connections were a significant piece of Athenian culture, and numerous standards and conventions conformed to these connections dependent on the mores of society. The male residents were viewed as the most significant portion of the populace, and numerous Greek essayists address the social shows, standards, and convictions that conformed to these connections. The three principle kinds of sexual connections that included a male resident are marriage, the connection between a youngster and a more established guide, and sexual experiences with whores. Plato’s Symposium, a discourse on the idea of adoration and want, portrays a significant number of the convictions that Athenians held, particularly about the connection between a man and a young. The primary focal point of this paper is the perfect capacity and spot of want in these male with male connections, and the advantages this specific bond held for society. The socially acknowledged structure of these connections between an Athenian man and youth was portrayed by interest and romance with respect to the man. He was to pursue an appealing youth, wanting to make him his adored [eromenos]. The more established man was required to be the forceful accomplice, seeking after the young out of his sensual want. Thus, the adored was relied upon to be the inactive accomplice, dismissing the man’s propels for a good measure of time, and afterward to enter the relationship to pick up the more established man as a coach, not as a sexual accomplice. This forceful man and inactive youth structure proceeded into sexual acts, with the more established male going about as the predominant, entering accomplice, while the more youthful man was the uninvolved open accomplice. As per social principles, in any case, it was considered emascul... ...in parentage of any youngsters the spouse may bring forth after this time. In the domain of governmental issues, an inability to serve or to satisfy ones obligations was additionally a stain on the respect of the family unit and family-it is depicted as significantly more open than the perfect private bond among sweetheart and adored. This appearance of Celestial love profited both the sweetheart and cherished, just as serving society by making a solid bond that was described by its respect and ideals. This security created the most impressive type of dedication a resident man would understanding, and he accepts that more than some other faithfulness, this affection would make men good in fight, legislative issues, and business so as to make their adored pleased. Thusly, the adored tried to learn structure his guide so as to turn into a good resident and individual, inevitably giving these qualities to his own cherished.

Advertisement Analysis :: Marketing Advertising Business

Ad Analysis The United States has the absolute most canny residents and the absolute most cutting edge innovations and medication, yet our absence of education rate has still not lessened. As per an ongoing government report structure The National Institute for Literacy, â€Å"There are numerous grown-ups with low proficiency aptitudes (roughly 44 million) who do not have the establishment they have to secure and keep not too bad positions support their children’s instruction and take an interest effectively in metro life†. This commercial was done to motivate individuals, and maybe explicitly minorities, to peruse, by utilizing a superstar impact. This work shows that perusing gives new thoughts and a more noteworthy profundity of information, by using profound space and complexity. The craftsman passes on their message by making a profound and high space. One perspectives this photo from an extremely low vantage point, so we are gazing toward basically the entirety of the articles in this work. The lines on the correct divider are vertical,and point up to the brilliant light above. The line starting there makes a trip back because of the other six light in the corridor. The lights drift in space like thoughts over our heads. The style, wherein they bring your eye profound into the photo, resembles the way that a story drives us down, or the way of discovering that our mind follows. This portrayal of profound spaceis representative of the immeasurability of data there is to be picked up by perusing. The craftsman utilizes high differentiation to accentuate softness and haziness. The way that there are unmistakable and particular light and dull territories pull in one to take a gander at it. The most elevated difference of significant worth is the lightthat is uttermost away. This limit of white against dark is the point of convergence of the piece, and helps in making the profundity. The complexity among light and dull, are representative of the difference of numbness and illumination. Another way the craftsman catches the possibility of obliviousness versus illumination is by having Whoopi Goldberg perusing in a corridor. One doesn't commonly connect passages with open space, but since there are a progression of entryways that sudden spike in demand for the left half of the lobby, it seems as though it is stating there are numerous locales of data to find. It speaks to one idea prompting another. Entryways in the corridor wipe out the pressure in the room and truly help to open it up.

Complete Guide to Time Management

Complete Guide to Time Management It has often been said that time is our “most scarce resource”. Therefore, we all must invest in â€" and use it â€" prudently. When you think about it, all of us have basically the same amount of time. But you will still find many people saying they “do not have enough time”, or they “need more time”. Why is it that some people have no problems accomplishing their tasks in a specified amount of time, and others do? © Shutterstock.com | Dmytro ZinkevychIn this article, youll learn about 1) time management basics, 2) what good time management is, and 3) tips on how to become better at time management.TIME MANAGEMENT BASICSLook at any established organization, and you are likely to find the following concerns explicitly addressed: human resources management for personnel recruitment, selection and hiring, financial management for budgeting, operations and performance analysis, and capital management for seeking funding and investments.If you look for an aspect dedicated specifically to time management, you might end up being disappointed.Time management is that discipline that focuses on planning the amount or length of time that will be spent on specific activities, often with the goal of increasing effectiveness and efficiency. Its earliest roots can be traced back to when Frederick Taylor developed his scientific management techniques for improving the productivity of workers on the job. Of co urse, the concept of time management has evolved, making it more systematic and logical in its approaches.In business, time management refers to the allocation and distribution of time among activities that demand it, depending on a specific set of priorities. In this sense, time management may also be referred to as the “budgeting” of time, such that the right amount of time is allocated to the right task or activity.It is to be noted that time itself will not, and cannot, be managed; what you manage is how you use that time that you have, with the full knowledge that it is limited.Time Management as a SkillOther than as a discipline, time management is also described as a skill or the ability to plan and consequently control the amount of time you spend in accomplishing your tasks. It boils down to how skilled a person is in his analysis of how his hours are spent on a specific activity. It also tells a lot about his ability to prioritize his tasks in an effort to maximize eff iciency and effectiveness.As a skill, time management is something that can be mastered with consistent practice and further developed over time (no pun intended). Once this skill has been mastered, our work and personal lives will be more organized, much easier to handle, more efficient, and definitely happier.Two Focuses of Time ManagementLet’s get this straight: time management is not about getting EVERYTHING done. There are two specific points that time management includes:Getting MORE THINGS done: You have a limited amount of time. Thus, you have to manage it so that you will be able to get a lot more work done within that limited time. In the past, when you used to barely finish two tasks in one hour, perhaps you can find a way to be able to finish three or four in the same amount of time. You can do that through time management.Getting the RIGHT THINGS done: It is possible that you may end up doing something other than what you originally set out to do. You planned to finis h Task 1 in one hour. However, in the middle of that hour, your attention got diverted and you also started working on Task 2. When the hour was up, you ended up not finishing Task 1, and actually even had another (Task 2) pending. As a result, you did not finish anything. With time management, you may have been able to finish Task 1 before the hour was even up, and got a head start on Task 2.Why is Time Management Important?We have all established that time is a resource that must be managed. But to what end or purpose? What do we hope to gain from managing time?To simplify things. You are practically dealing with clutter if you do not make an effort to organize your time. By setting up a timetable for you to follow, it is simply a matter of sticking to the plan and not getting sidetracked.To add structure to your day or life, in general. Again, there is less clutter, and everything is more organized. With a timetable or a plan in place, you are better able to see where you stand a t the moment, where you aim to be at the end of the day, and how you will be able to get there.To increase efficiency. Work will definitely be facilitated, because there is less clutter to deal with. You can focus on the important things, the things that need the most attention, and leave the rest for later.To increase productivity. If you have a firm hold on your time and how you use it, you will be able to get more work done or show higher output. This is an offshoot of improved efficiency.GOOD TIME MANAGEMENTThe concept of good time management encompasses the following:1. Effective PlanningThe activities that will be done for the day must be planned earlier. This could be done through something as simple as a list of things “To-Do”, or it could be as elaborate or as detailed as in an Task Plan. The tasks should be listed in order of priority, with the most important activities listed first. Include the time allocated for each task or activity. You will use that list as your g uide on the order of how you should accomplish them.2. Setting GoalsWhen planning, you should always have a goal in sight. What objectives do you wish to accomplish by performing those tasks or activities? These targets are what will guide you along, to bring you to the right direction. When setting objectives, make sure that they are clear, realistic and attainable.3. Targeting DeadlinesSet deadlines and stick to them. Earlier, when you were planning, you set a time frame for each activity. There should be a deadline for the activity to be completed. A sign of good time management is being able to accomplish your tasks well before the targeted deadline.4. Delegation of Duties and ResponsibilitiesAs much as you want to, there are simply things that you cannot do by yourself. Sometimes, you have to ask for help or assistance. If you are a team leader in a certain time-bound project, you cannot do everything alone. You have team members that are there to work with you. Part of time ma nagement is the ability to delegate responsibilities, in accordance with each individual’s qualifications, skills set, and specialization. This will ensure that the tasks will be carried out more smoothly and definitely more quickly.5. Prioritization of ActivitiesThere are simply tasks that require more attention than others. By listing them down, you can easily classify the ones that have to be urgently dealt with and those that may be left for later. Your job here is to make the distinction, so the work can be assigned more effectively, and time can be allocated more efficiently to those tasks that are high priority.6. Spending time properlyTime management is also about “spending the right time on the right activity”. You may have been able to identify the high priority tasks, but you may also allot more than the required amount of time to it. In contrast, you may have decided that one task is of low priority, and only assigned a couple of hours for it to be worked on when i t actually requires around a day or two.TIPS FOR DEVELOPING GOOD TIME MANAGEMENTA little introspection is required if you want to evaluate your current time management practices and determine whether you need to make changes or carry on as usual. Of course, when doing this, a bigger degree of objectivity is expected or required. There are several exercises that you can find, especially online, on how to evaluate your time management attitudes and practices, but they have pretty much the same gist.1. Evaluate yourself.In short, you have to ask yourself how important time is to you, personally and professionally. You have to identify your reasons for wanting to manage your time better. Is it so you can earn more money? Do you want to manage your time better so you can gain more recognition at work and get that promotion you were always aiming for? Or do you want to manage your time so you can have more time later for leisure activities? More often than not, your personal goals and pri orities will coincide with your short-term objectives when it comes to accomplishing things.By evaluating yourself, you will also come across some points that you are not satisfied with. Perhaps you are spending too much time on activities that do not really provide benefits. You may also realize that you are not putting a lot of time and attention on something that requires it.2. Assess your behavior when it comes to using your time.What do you do to manage time? Do you keep track on how much time you spent on one activity? Are you religiously sticking to the To-Do lists that you do? Do you even make these lists? Do you have a tendency to leave tasks unfinished when you feel like you do not have enough time in the day, and leave it for another day?You have to identify the behaviors that you think are right, or those that work best for you. On the other hand, you also have to determine the behaviors that you find questionable and find the reasons for it. Maybe it is the wrong task, in the first place, so you can look for another.3. Determine your “prime time”.It is a fact that not all people function in the same manner. Some are more productive at certain times of the day than others. This is where the concepts of “morning person” and “night owls” are considered. It is a matter of identifying the time of the day where your energy levels are high. Most likely, that is also your most productive time, or your “prime time”. By assigning the high-priority and complex tasks or the tasks that require a lot of attention during your prime time, you are increasing the probability that these tasks will be completed or accomplished without any problems.4. Set your goals.You have to know what you are working towards. Without a goal, you are just aimlessly working, with no direction at all. It would be a good idea to set both short-term and long-term goals. Write them down so you can read them later on for reinforcement. Then you can tick off the short-term goals once they have been achieved.TIME MANAGEMENT TIPSEarlier we talked about some of the things that can be done in order to exercise good and effective time management. Here are tips that may help you develop and improve your time management skills, whether in the workplace or in your personal life.Stay organized. This includes being neat and orderly in your workplace. Often, keeping stacks of papers and documents on your desk will make finding anything more time-consuming. Label the documents properly and neatly pile them in an area where you can easily retrieve and return them after using them. This may also require having to clean up from time to time. Throw away the things that you no longer need. Not only do they take up space unnecessarily, but the clutter will also take more time to wade through.Take advantage of your prime time. This is your most productive time, so make sure that you do the more complex tasks in this interval. The routine and repetitive work may be sched uled on your periods of lower energy. It is also advisable to do your planning during your prime time, because your mind will be fresher and clearer when creating your timetable. You may also identify two hours of the day as your prime time. Find a way to be able to stretch that period into three or four hours. The longer your prime time is, the more productive you will be.Learn the art of delegation. Take responsibility for your actions, but you should also learn to say no, to ask for help, and to assign responsibilities and tasks to others, especially when they are the more qualified or skilled people to do them. This will save you â€" and them â€" a lot of time that you can use for other activities.Learn how to stay focused. Distractions are huge time wasters. You may have your day all planned out, but when distractions strike â€" and you let them â€" then you were just throwing precious time away. Be focused on the task at hand. Be strong against these distractions, no matter ho w tempting and strong they are.Do not disrespect time by misusing it. You know that you have something that you must accomplish, but you still get up and wander aimlessly, even making idle chit-chat and gossiping around. That is already time misspent. Chances are, you will go back to your work and end up rushing through it because you already used up considerable time doing something else completely unrelated. The result is likely to be work haphazardly done.Use time management tools. Fortunately, there are a number of tools that can be used for time management, ranging from old-school tools such as planners and organizers to more high-tech implements and devices, including mobile applications and software. Energizers or energy boosters also help, such as caffeine, but make sure to take them in moderation.Take breaks and relax once in a while. Stay healthy. Time management does not mean cramming all work into your day. Taking a break and relaxing is also part of good time management , because you are giving yourself time to breathe, regroup and recoup your energy, so you can take on the next tasks in your schedule efficiently and effectively. Being tired or exhausted will only end up in more mistakes, so your work will be inefficient, and that defeats the purpose of time management. Staying healthy and fit is also a given if you want to be able to do more. If you are sick or weak in body, you’d end up lying in bed and accomplishing nothing.Change your habits and lifestyle. This is probably the hardest thing for anyone to do. After all, when they are used to doing one thing, and then they have to change things, it’s bound to have an impact on other aspects of their lives. One of the best changes one can make in their lifestyle is to make good time management a habit and a way of life. Granted, this cannot be done overnight; it is bound to take some time. However, once you get started, you can simply continue on.Time management is not really about managing ti me. At the end of the day, it is about managing ourselves and how we use time. A lot of things can be said about a person from the way he or she uses her time. Furthermore, the chances of achieving goals become much higher with good time management.

Violence In American Media Influencing Australian Youth...

American music, films and video games have had a great impact on Australian citizens, particularly on young people. These American media products have got negative messages that have been invited to the audiences to engage in. Violent crimes is one of them. As American media continues to take the minds of the innocent and vulnerable, it becomes over powering and Australians are being flooded with negative violent messages. This is influencing Australians to believe that to be a tough, rough criminal is the new in thing and crime rates are escalating rapidly. This American media is such a powerful weapon, it can make lies become truths, and it can change lives. It can make people believe that they are, or can be, anything or anyone.†¦show more content†¦Like scenes from Hannibal Lector where he cuts the top of a persons head, then feeds him his own brain at a dinner.6 Years ago films, games and music has been mostly full of fun and romances, now it’s full of crime and hate. Is it any wonder kids are developing bad temperaments. American media entertainment has shaped many lives, some for good, but most for bad and will continue to for some many years to come. The song called â€Å"Get you Gunn† by Marylyn Manson is an example of violence in American media, with lyrics like: â€Å"I eat innocent meat, The housewife I will beat, The pro-life I will kill, What you wont do I will, I bash myself to sleep, What you sow I will reap, I scar myself you see, I wish I wasnt me, I am the little stick, You stir me into shit†7 Or the popular gangster rap artist Eminem, with his song â€Å"kill you;† â€Å"I invented violence, you vile venomous volatile bitches, Texas Chainsaw, left his brains all, dangling from his neck, while his head barely hangs on, Blood, guts, guns, cuts, Knives, lives, wives, nuns, sluts. Bitch Ima kill you! You dont wanna fuck with me, Girls neither - you aint nothing but a slut to me, Bitch Ima kill you!†8 Even just the titles of these violent scream and rap artists music give the impression of violence in American media. Headings like, Murder murder, Don’t give a fuck,Show MoreRelatedEssay about Honesty1861 Words   |  8 Pagesbag of food and all the change, feeling lucky that the trainee made a mistake with your order. Of course, the first action suggested above, (A) is the honest and truthful way to resolve the problem. 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The Discourse On Method Part V - 1188 Words

Rene Descartes, in his meditation, â€Å"The discourse on Method Part V†, had argued that although we humans could build a machine, that could successfully imitate a monkey, we could not build one that could imitate a human being. Descartes, believed that machines have organs that they could use to answer questions. What I understood from this point, was that machines could only answer questions that the humans have programmed or prompted them to ask. However, if the machine has not been programmed to answer a question, it would not be able to answer. In this argument, Descartes uses speech arrangement as an example. He believed that machines cannot arrange a random or unprogrammed statement the way the youngest and weakest of man can. Thus, machines can only respond if they have some sort of artificial intelligence that permits them to program the instructed statement (Descartes-Paragraph 1). A classic example, would be with the grammar section of Microsoft word. If I type my last name Madiebo, the computer, automatically underlines my name in red, suggesting it is a misspelt word. The computer, also goes as far as giving me suggestions on how to spell my own name. The only reason the computer does this, is because it has not been prompted to store my name in the computer dictionary; thus it sees my name as an error. If my name is eventually added in the dictionary, that error would never pop up. The lowest human being on the other hand, would recognize the word Madiebo as myShow MoreRelatedPresident John F. Kennedy975 Words   |  4 Pagesrelevancy of truth and what is certain ascertains our duty as a citizen of the United States. As a citizen, it is our job to discern what is true in the upcoming election. Evidence displayed by Judith V. Grabiner’s article, The Centrality of Mathematics in the History of Western Thought highlights the method we can use amid disagreements. 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The Renaissance the Invention of the Printing Press Free Essays

At the height of the Hussite crisis in the early 1400’s, when the authorities ordered 200 manuscripts of heretical writings burned, people on both sides realized quite well the significance of that act. Two hundred handwritten manuscripts would be hard to replace. Not only would it be a time consuming job, but also trained scribes would be hard to find. We will write a custom essay sample on The Renaissance: the Invention of the Printing Press or any similar topic only for you Order Now After all, most of them worked for the Church, and it seemed unlikely that the Church would loan out its scribes to copy the works of heretics. Although the Hussites more than held their own against the Church, their movement remained confined mainly to the borders of their homeland of Bohemia. One main reason for this was that there was no mass media, such as the printing press to spread the word. A century later, all that had changed. Like any other invention, the printing press came along and had an impact when the right conditions existed at the right time and place. In this case, that was Europe in the mid 1400’s. Like many or most inventions, the printing press was not the result of just one man’s ingenious insight into all the problems involved in creating the printing press. Rather, printing was a combination of several different inventions and innovations: block printing, rag paper, oil based ink, interchangeable metal type, and the squeeze press. If one process started the chain reaction of events that led to the invention of the printing press, it was the rise of towns in Western Europe that sparked trade with the outside world all the way to China. That trade exposed Europeans to three things important for the invention of the printing press: rag paper, block printing, and, oddly enough, the Black Death. For centuries the Chinese had been making rag paper, which was made from a pulp of water and discarded rags that was then pressed into sheets of paper. When the Arabs met the Chinese at the battle of the Talas River in 751 A. D. , they carried off several prisoners skilled in making such paper. The technology spread gradually across the Muslim world, up through Spain and into Western Europe by the late 1200’s. The squeeze press used in pressing the pulp into sheets of paper would also lend itself to pressing print evenly onto paper. The Black Death, which itself spread to Western Europe thanks to expanded trade routes, also greatly catalyzed the invention of the printing press in three ways, two of which combined with the invention of rag paper to provide Europe with plentiful paper. First of all, the survivors of the Black Death inherited the property of those who did not survive, so that even peasants found themselves a good deal richer. Since the textile industry was the most developed industry in Western Europe at that time, it should come as no surprise that people spent their money largely on new clothes. However, clothes wear out, leaving rags. As a result, fourteenth century Europe had plenty of rags to make into rag paper, which was much cheaper than the parchment (sheepskin) and vellum (calfskin) used to make books until then. Even by 1300, paper was only one-sixth the cost of parchment, and its relative cost continued to fall. Considering it took 170 calfskins or 300 sheepskins to make one copy of the Bible, we can see what a bargain paper was. But the Black Death had also killed off many of the monks who copied the books, since the crowded conditions in the monasteries had contributed to an unusually high mortality rate. One result of this was that the cost of copying books rose drastically while the cost of paper was dropping. Many people considered this unacceptable and looked for a better way to copy books. Thus the Black Death rag paper combined to create both lots of cheap paper plus an incentive for the invention of the printing press. The Black Death also helped lead to the decline of the Church, the rise of a money economy, and subsequently the Italian Renaissance with its secular ideas and emphasis on painting. It was the Renaissance artists who, in their search for a more durable paint, came up with oil-based paints. Adapting these to an oil-based ink that would adhere to metal type was fairly simple. Block printing, carved on porcelain, had existed for centuries before making its way to Europe. Some experiments with interchangeable copper type had been carried on in Korea. However, Chinese printing did not advance beyond that, possibly because the Chinese writing system used thousands of characters and was too unmanageable. For centuries after its introduction into Europe, block printing still found little use, since wooden printing blocks wore out quickly when compared to the time it took to carve them. As a result of the time and expense involved in making block prints, a few playing cards and pages of books were printed this way, but little else. What people needed was a movable type made of metal. And here again, the revival of towns and trade played a major role, since it stimulated a mining boom, especially in Germany, along with better techniques for working metals, including soft metals such as gold and copper. It was a goldsmith from Mainz, Germany, Johannes Gutenberg, who created a durable and interchangeable metal type that allowed him to print many different pages, using the same letters over and over again in different combinations. It was also Gutenberg who combined all these disparate elements of movable type, rag paper, the squeeze press, and oil based inks to invent the first printing press in 1451. The first printed books were religious in nature, as were most medieval books. They also imitated (handwritten) manuscript form so that people would accept this new revolutionary way of copying books. The printing press soon changed the forms and uses of books quite radically. Books stopped imitating manuscript forms such as lined paper to help the copiers and abbreviations to save time in copying. They also covered an increasingly wider variety of non-religious topics (such as grammars, etiquette, and geology books) that appealed especially to the professional members of the middle class. By 1482, there were about 100 printing presses in Western Europe: 50 in Italy, 30 in Germany, 9 in France, 8 each in Spain and Holland, and 4 in England. A Venetian printer, Aldus Manutius, realized that the real market was not for big heavy volumes of the Bible, but for smaller, cheaper, and easier to handle â€Å"pocket books†. Manutius further revolutionized book copying by his focusing on these smaller editions that more people could afford. He printed translations of the Greek classics and thus helped spread knowledge in general, and the Renaissance in particular, across Europe. By 1500, there were some 40,000 different editions with over 6,000,000 copies in print. The printing press had dramatic effects on European civilization. Its immediate effect was that it spread information quickly and accurately. This helped create a wider literate reading public. However, its importance lay not just in how it spread information and opinions, but also in what sorts of information and opinions it was spreading. There were two main directions printing took, both of which were probably totally unforeseen by its creators. First of all, more and more books of a secular nature were printed, with especially profound results in science. Scientists working on the same problem in different parts of Europe especially benefited, since they could print the results of their work and share it accurately with a large number of other scientists. They in turn could take that accurate, not miscopied, information, work with it and advance knowledge and understanding further. Of course, they could accurately share their information with many others and the process would continue. By the 1600’s, this process would lead to the Scientific Revolution of the Enlightenment, which would radically alter how Europeans viewed the world and universe. The printing press also created its share of trouble as far as some people were concerned. It took book copying out of the hands of the Church and made it much harder for the Church to control or censor what was being written. It was hard enough to control what Wycliffe and Hus wrote with just a few hundred copies of their works in circulation. Imagine the problems the Church had when literally thousands of such works could be produced at a fraction of the cost. Each new printing press was just another hole in the dyke to be plugged up, and the Church had only so many fingers with which to do the job. It is no accident that the breakup of Europe’s religious unity during the Protestant Reformation corresponded with the spread of printing. The difference between Martin Luther’s successful Reformation and the Hussites’ much more limited success was that Luther was armed with the printing press and knew how to use it with devastating effect. Some people go as far as to say that the printing press is the most important invention between the invention of writing itself and the computer. Although it is impossible to justify that statement to everyone’s satisfaction, one can safely say that the printing press has been one of the most powerful inventions of the modern era. It has advanced and spread knowledge and molded public opinion in a way that nothing before the advent of television and radio in the twentieth century could rival. If it were not able to, then freedom of the press would not be such a jealously guarded liberty as it is today. How to cite The Renaissance: the Invention of the Printing Press, Essay examples

John D. Rockefeller Essays (256 words) - Rockefeller Family

John D. Rockefeller John Davison Rockefeller (July 8, 1839 ? May 23, 1937) was an American industrialist and philanthropist. Rockefeller revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy. In 1870, he founded the Standard Oil Company and ran it until he officially retired in 1897.[1] Standard Oil began as an Ohio partnership formed by John D. Rockefeller, his brother William Rockefeller, Henry Flagler, chemist Samuel Andrews, and a silent partner Stephen V. Harkness. Rockefeller kept his stock and as gasoline grew in importance, his wealth soared and he became the world's richest man and first American billionaire, and is often regarded as the richest person in history.[2][3][4][5] Standard Oil was convicted in Federal Court of monopolistic practices and broken up in 1911. Rockefeller spent the last 40 years of his life in retirement. His fortune was mainly used to create the modern systematic approach of targeted philanthropy with foundations that had a major effect on medicine, education, and scientific research. His foundations pioneered the development of medical research, and were instrumental in the eradication of hookworm and yellow fever. He is also the founder of both The University of Chicago and Rockefeller University. He was a devoted Northern Baptist and supported many church-based institutions throughout his life. Rockefeller adhered to total abstinence from alcohol and tobacco throughout his life.[6] He married Laura Celestia ("Cettie") Spelman in 1864. They had four daughters and one son; John D. Rockefeller, Jr. "Junior" was largely entrusted with the supervision of the foundations